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Kindly support us by sharing this Post with your friends. No Day, Part 2? Please add. Download A Podcast To Mp3. Mitochondrial system is totally shut down no O 2 at the end of the electron transport system — can only get 2 ATP with anaerobic glycolysis. Bad news — build up of lactic acid in the cell and outside the cell increased anion-gap metabolic acidosis with tissue hypoxia due to lactic acidosis from anaerobic glycolysis.

With decrease in ATP, Ca has easy access into the cell. Within the cell, it activates many enzymes ie phospholipases in the cell membranes, enzymes in the nucleus, leading to nuclear pyknosis so the chromatin disappears , into goes into the mito and destroys it. Therefore, with irreversible changes, Ca has a major role. Of the two that get damaged mito and cell membrane , cell membrane is damaged a lot worse, resulting in bad things from the outside to get into the cell.

Oxygen: We are breathing O 2 , and O 2 can give free radicals. Water in tissues converted to hydroxyl free radicals, leading to mutations in tissues. Cytochrome P in liver metabolizes drugs, and can change drugs into free radicals. Drugs are often changed in the liver to the active metabolite — ie phenytoin. Where in the liver does acetaminophen toxicity manifest itself? Treatment: n-acetylcysteine; how? Well, the free radicals can be neutralized.

Superoxide free radicals can be neutralized with supraoxide dismutase SOD. Main function is to neutralize free radicals esp drug free radicals, and free radicals derived from peroxide. Glutathione gets used up in neutralizing the acetaminophen free radicals. Therefore, when give n-acetylcysteine aka mucamist ; you are replenishing glutathione, therefore giving substrate to make more glutathione, so you can keep up with neutralizing acetaminophen free radicals.

Carbon tetrachloride: CCl4 can be converted to a free radical in the liver CCl3 in the liver, and a free radical can be formed out of that seen in dry cleaning industry. Aspirin is knocking off the vasodilator PGE2, which is made in the afferent arteriole. Therefore AG II a vasoconstrictor is left in charge of renal blood flow at the efferent arteriole. Programmed cell death. Normal functions: 1 embryo — small bowel got lumens from apoptosis.

MIF is a signal working with apoptosis, via caspasases. They destroy everything, then wrap everything in apoptotic bodies to be destroyed, and lipofuscin is left over. Hepatitis — councilman body looks like eosinophilic cell without apoptosis of apoptosis individual cell death with inflammation around it. Just needs a signal hormone or chemical which activate the caspases, and no inflammation is around it.

Apoptosis of neurons — loss brain mass and brain atrophy, and leads to ischemia. Red cytoplasm, and pynotic nucleas.

Atherosclerotic plaque. Therefore, apoptosis is involved in embryo, pathology, and knocking off cancer cells. Coagulation Necrosis : Results often from a sudden cutoff of blood supply to an organ i. In ischemia, there is no oxygen therefore lactic acid builds up, and leads to coagulation necrosis. In showing us the seeds of the conflict, Winik effectively argues that due to America's vast geographic and social differences, bloodshed may have been inevitable.

Professor Sengoopta covers a lot of Darwin's life in a short amount of time while providing many interesting facts about the man whose theory of evolution by natural selection revolutionized biology and greatly affected many other areas of society from the late 19th century up to the present day. The Nature of Religion In this lecture Professor Stephen Prothero discusses what religion is and why it still matters in the modern age. He provides a number of important definitions of religion from its origins up to definitions by modern thinkers such as Emile Durkheim, Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx, and William James.

While many scholars predicted the decline of religion and the rise of secularism in the 20th century, professor Prothero points out many ways in which religion is as widely practiced now as in any time in history. This brings our number of Modern Scholar courses to a total of audio courses. If you've not downloaded one yet, the Modern Scholar courses are recorded lecture audio courses taught by university professors. Each course has 14 lectures with each lecture lasting approximately 35 minutes, and each course comes with a book-length course guide.

You can browse all the courses along with over 20 free lectures to download here: Modern Scholar And here are the four new courses to download. We're offering the first lecture of these courses for free as the audio sample: Basics of Genetics - Course on the history of genetics along with how genes influence people and controversial topics in the field of genetics.

The Medieval World II: Society, Economy, and Culture - Course on covers many aspects of the medieval world including monks and monasteries, gothic architecture, the Black Death, and much more. Resolute Determination: Napoleon and the French Empire - Course on life and times of Napoleon covering his rise to power and his conquests as emperor. Enjoy these and many other courses from Modern Scholar. More Great College Courses on Audio Here are some more college courses taught by great teachers that we've found: webcast.

The Bhagavad Gita Unfortunately this is no longer available, but stay tuned for a new free version of The Bhagavad Gita 3.

The Value of Philosophy 2. I've Been to the Mountaintop 1. Lit2Go Unfortunately this is no longer available through our site as iTunes U will not allow us to link to them, but you can search it in iTunes U If you're interested in subscribing to the Free Resource of the Day Email, click here. You can view the entire top 25 list with reviews here: Top 25 Free Resources Here's a list of the top ten: 1. Extraordinary Leadership 2.

The Origin of the Human Mind 4. The King James Version Bible 5. History According to Bob Podcast 6. TEDTalks Podcast 9. Follow Us On. Get all 60 of our published audio books for free: Download 60 Free Audio Books. Search Go Advanced Search. Audio Books.